2008. Death of Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn.

In 1847, Mormon leader Brigham Young and his followers arrived in the valley of the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah.

On July 23, 1892, Haile Selassie I, the emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, was born. Many Rastafari believe he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ.

Screenwriter and Filmmaker Paul Schrader, born in 1946.

1974, Turkish invasion of Cyprus begins. More than one quarter of the population of Cyprus was expelled from the northern part of the island where Greek Cypriots constituted 80% of the population. There was also a flow of roughly 60,000 Turkish Cypriots from the south to the north after the conflict.The Turkish invasion ended in the partition of Cyprus along the UN-monitored Green Line, which still divides Cyprus today.

1974.

Nelson Mandela, born 1918.

1918. Russia’s Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their five children were executed by the Bolsheviks.

“The Catcher in the Rye” published in 1951.

Anthony “Spud” Webb, 1963.